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　　text 1

　　how can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail
passenger fares? it has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every january
the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on
those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or
otherwise. this year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower
than last year’s, but it is still well above the official consumer price index
(cpi) measure of inflation.

　　successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that
the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those
who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. why, the argument goes, should a
car-driving pensioner from lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a
stockbroker from surrey? equally, there is a sense that the travails of
commuters in the south east, many of whom will face among the biggest rises,
have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the
relatively poor infrastructure of the midlands and the north.

　　however, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced
some of the worst rail strikes in years. it is all very well train operators
trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers
should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they
are now paying to travel. the responsibility for the latest wave of strikes
rests on the unions. however, there is a strong case that those who have been
worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the
disruption they have suffered.

　　the government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service
requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate.
this should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running
problems on britain’s railways. yes, more investment is needed, but passengers
will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,
unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or
planned maintenance is managed incompetently. the threat of nationalisation may
have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified
anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

　　21. the author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares

　　a. will ease train operation’s burden.

　　b. has kept pace with inflation.

　　c. is a big surprise to commuters.

　　d. remains anunreasonable measure.

　　【答案】d。

　　【解析】本题为细节题，通过题干关键词increase in rail passengers fares定位到原文第一段最后一句this year’s
rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but
it is still well above the official consumer price index (cpi) measure of
inflation.句中出现but转折，答案定位but之后，意为“但是仍然超过通货膨胀的官方cpi指标”，d选项“仍是一个不合理的措施”，其中“超过”和选项中的“不合理”表述一致。a选项burden对应原文imposing
a significant extra
burden，意为“增加了负担”，与选项中“缓解负担”表述相反。b选项意为“保持和通货膨胀同步”与原文“超过通货膨胀”表述不一致。c选项对于commuter的感受文中未提及。

　　22. the stockbroker in 2 is used to stand for

　　a. car drivers

　　b. rail travellers

　　c. local investors

　　d. ordinary taxpayers

　　【答案】b。

　　【解析】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词stockbroker定位第二段第二句，通过第二句句首的the argument
goes中出现特指的定冠词the，可将答案定位在前一句话successive governments have permitted such increases
on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should
be borne by those who use it, rather than the general
taxpayer.意为“政府允许价格增长的原因是投资和运营铁路网应该又那些使用它的人们来负责，而不是普通的纳税人。”可知“使用它的人”即“铁路使用者”，与b选项表述一致。a和c选项原文未提及，d选项对应原文出现ratherthan，所以与原文表述相反。

　　23. it is indicated in 3 that train operators

　　a. are offering compensations to commuters.

　　b. are trying to repair relations with the unions.

　　c. have failed to provide an adequate service.

　　d. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.

　　【答案】c

　　【解析】本题为推断题，根据题干关键词trainoperators定位到原文第三段第二句it is all very well train
operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but
passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial
sums they are now paying to
travel.意为“火车运行商在鼓吹他们对于铁路网做出的进步，但是乘客期望他们支付的大额票价应该能至少获得基本的服务。”可知乘客并未获得服务，与选项c“未能提供足够的服务”表述一致。a选项中的compensations定位到原文可知，获得补偿的是those
who have been worst affected by industrial
action，而非a选项中的commuters，与原文表述不一致。b选项unions定位到原文，并未提到改善与unions的关系，无中生有。d选项“罢工带来的巨大损失”文中未提及，无中生有。

　　24. if unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face

　　a. the loss of investment.

　　b. the collapse of operations.

　　c. a reduction of revenue.

　　d. a change of ownership.

　　【答案】d

　　【解析】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词calm down passengers定位到文章最后一段最后一句the threat of
nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a
vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short
order.意为“国有化的威胁已经被赶走了，但是如果不安抚乘客，那么可能国有化会卷土重来。”意思就是铁路的所有权可能国有化，与d选项“所有权的改变”表述一致。

　　25. which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　　a. who are to blame for the strikes?

　　b. constant complaining doesn’t work

　　c. can nationalization bring hope?

　　d. ever-rising fares aren’t sustainable

　　【答案】d

　　【解析】本题为主旨题，考查考生对全文大意的把握。通过文章首段可知本文中心为铁路费用不断提高，全文论述针对费用提高这一问题的解决方式，证明这一问题不会持续下去，与d选项“不断上涨的费用不会持久”表述一致。a选项中的strikes是铁路费用提高可能带来的后果，文中只有后两段提到，以偏概全。b选项只文章第一段提到乘客的抱怨，以偏概全。c选项nationalization只出现在最后一段，以偏概全。

　　text 2

　　last year marked the third year in a row of that indonesia’s bleak rate of
deforestation has slowed in pace. one reason for the turnaround may be the
country’s antipoverty program.

　　in 2007, indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its
poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep
kids in school or get regular medical care. called conditional cash transfers or
ccts, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and
break the cycle of poverty. they’re already used in dozens of countries
worldwide. in indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to
substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

　　but cct programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. in
fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as
conflicting goals, says paul ferraro, an economist at johns hopkins
university.

　　that’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental
degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with
greater poverty. however, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. the
only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in mexico that had
instituted ccts, supported the traditional view. there, as people got more
money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,
ferraro says.

　　such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.
ferrarowanted to see if indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting
deforestation. indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the
world and one of the highest deforestation rates.

　　ferraroanalyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012
— including during indonesia’s phase— in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468
forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. the duo separated
the effects of the cct program on forest loss from other factors, like weather
and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. with that, “we
see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in
deforestation,” ferraro says.

　　that’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift
insurance policies against inclement weather, ferraro says. typically, if rains
are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their
harvests. with the ccts, individuals instead can use the money to supplement
their harvests.

　　whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. ferraro
suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. and regardless of
transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good
for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions
alone is more than the program costs.

　　26. according to the first two paragraphs, cct programs aim to

　　a. facilitate health care reform.

　　b. help poor families get better off.

　　c. improve local education systems.

　　d. lower deforestation rates.

　　【答案】b

　　【解析】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词cct programs aim to定位到原文第二段第二句called conditional cash
transfers or ccts, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce
inequality and break the cycle of poverty.
其中designedto和题干中aimto同义替换，所以答案定位其后，意为“减少不平等和打破贫穷循环”，与b选项“帮助贫穷家庭生活富裕”表述一致。a和c选项属于无中生有，d选项出现在第一段，但是说的是结果，并非本题问的目的，属于所答非所问。

　　27. the study based on an area in mexico is cited to show that

　　a. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.

　　b. cct programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.

　　c. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.

　　d. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.

　　【答案】d

　　【解析】本题为例证题，根据题干关键词mexico定位到原文第四句。根据例证题答题思路，直接定位例子前的观点句that’s because
economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while
protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.
however, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect.
意为“经济增长和环境退化有关”，与d选项“经济增长会导致环境退化”表述一致。a选项cattlerearing文中体现，但是选项后半部分文中未提到。b选项traditionallifestyles文中出现traditional，但修饰的是view，属于信息错误。c选项无中生有。

　　28. in his study about indonesia, ferraro intends to find out

　　a. its acceptance level of ccts.

　　b. its annual rate of poverty alleviation.

　　c. the relation of ccts to its forest loss.

　　d. the role of its forests in climate change.

　　【答案】c

　　【解析】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词indonesia和ferraro定位到原文第五段第二句ferraro wanted to see if
indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting
deforestation.意为“ferraro想知道印尼的扶贫项目是否影响森林砍伐。”本句与选项c“cct项目和森林减少的关系”表述一致。a和d选项无中生有，b选项poverty
alleviation文中出现原词，但rate:比率没有出现，信息错误。

　　29. according to ferraro, the cct program in indonesia is most valuable in
that

　　a. it will benefit other asian countries.

　　b. it will reduce regional inequality.

　　c. it can protect the environment.

　　d. it can boost grain production.

　　【答案】c

　　【解析】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词most valuable定位到原文最后一段最后一句and regardless of
transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good
for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions
alone is more than the program
costs.意为“研究表明，对人们带来的好处同时也给避免森林砍伐带来好处，仅仅二氧化碳排放这方面，这个项目的意义就足够重大。”与选项c“它(cct项目)可以保护环境”表述一致。a和b选项无中生有。d选项grainproduction文中对应growing
rice，但文中未提及boost。

　　30. what is the text centered on?

　　a. the effects of a program.

　　b. the debates over a program.

　　c. the process of a study.

　　d. the transferability of a study.

　　【答案】a

　　【解析】本题为主旨题，考查考生对全文大意的把握。通过全文内容可知作者在讨论cct项目对扶贫和环境保护带来的影响，与选项a“一个项目的影响”表述一致。

　　text 3

　　as a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes
us re-evaluate the past, i’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs
that show our victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image
of 19th-century prudery?). i’ve found quite a few, and—since i started posting
them on twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. people have been surprised
to see evidence that victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. they are
noting that the victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the
hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of
laughter.

　　of course, i need to concede that my collection of ‘smiling victorians’
makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic
portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters
posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently
into the middle distance. how do we explain this trend?

　　during the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure
times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an
image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete,
resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.
the thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties
was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the
norm.

　　but exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of
the box brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s
digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. spontaneous smiles
were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an
explanation of why victorians still hesitated to smile.

　　one explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy
grin. “nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular victorian
saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths
were often in a shocking state of hygiene. a flashing set of healthy and clean,
regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in victorian society, the preserve of
the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).

　　a toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackenedteeth) lacked
class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a
smile as wide as lewis carroll’s gum-exposing cheshire cat, but it was not a
becoming look for properly bred persons. even mark twain, a man who enjoyed a
hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be
“nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.

　　31. according to paragraph 1, the author’s posts on twitter

　　a. changed people’s impression of the victorians.

　　b. highlighted social media’s role in victorian studies.

　　c. re-evaluated the victorians’ notion of public image.

　　d. illustrated the development of victorian photography.

　　【答案】a

　　【解析】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词posts on twitter定位i started posting them on twitter—they
have been causing quite a stir. people have been surprised to see evidence that
victorians had fun and could, and did,
laugh.意为“我开始把这些照片发布到twitter上并引发了很大的轰动”，所以作者的行为引发了大家的争论，与a选项“改变人们对维多利亚时代的印象”表述一致。b选项文中并未体现socialmedia在研究中的作用。c选项notion
of public image文中未提及。d选项文中并未提到维多利亚时期照片的发展。

　　32. what does author say about the victorian portraits he has
collected?

　　a. they are in popular use among historians.

　　b. they are rare among photographs of that age.

　　c. they mirror 19th-century social conventions.

　　d. they show effects of different exposure times.

　　【答案】b

　　【解析】本题为细节题，根据关键词定位portraits he has collected到第二段第一句of course, i need to
concede that my collection of ‘smiling victorians’ makes up only a tiny
percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between
1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly
in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance.
本句前半句意思是“作者的收藏仅占肖像照中的一小部分”，与b选项“他们在那个年代的照片中很罕见”表述一致。a选项文中并未提及其他historians。c选项socialconvention并非照片所反应的。d选项出现在下一段。

　　33. what might have kept the victorians from smiling for pictures in the
1890s?

　　a. their inherent social sensitiveness.

　　b. their tension before the camera.

　　c. their distrust of new inventions.

　　d. their unhealthy dental condition.

　　【答案】d

　　【解析】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词1890s定位第四段最后一句spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to
capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why
victorians still hesitated to
smile.但是本句说的是1890s技术问题已经解决了，而题干问的是keptvictoriansfromsmiling，也就是“让维多利亚时代人们无法微笑”，所以定位第五段one
explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.
“nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular victorian maxim,
alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were
often in a shocking state of hygiene. 第二句alludingto the fact
that后面为答案定位点，意为“在牙医出现之前，口腔的卫生条件非常差。”，与选项d“他们不健康的牙齿状况”表述一致。abc三个选项原文未提及。

　　34. mark twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures
was

　　a. a deep-root belief.

　　b. a misguided attitude.

　　c. a controversial view.

　　d. a thought-provoking idea.

　　【答案】a

　　【解析】本题为例证题，根据题干关键词portraits he has collected定位到原文第六段even mark twain, a man
who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits
there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed
forever”.通过句首even可知本句与前一句为递进关系。例证题可直接跳过例子找观点句，所以答案定位在例子前一句a toothy grin
(especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks,
tramps, prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grin
with a smile as wide as lewis carroll’s gum-exposing cheshire cat, but it was
not a becoming look for properly bred persons.
意为“露齿笑是低下阶层才做的，但是对于有教养的人来说并不合适”，可知不接受露齿笑是公众普遍的观点，与a选项“一个根深蒂固的信念”表述一致。

　　35. which of the following questions does the text answer?

　　a. why did most victorians look stern in photographs?

　　b. why did the victorians start to view photographs?

　　c. what made photography develop slowly in the victorian period?

　　d. how did smiling in photographs become a post-victorian norm?

　　【答案】a

　　【解析】本题为主旨题，考查考生对全文大意的把握。通过全文内容可知作者在讨论维多利亚时期的肖像画中的人们为什么表情严肃的问题，与a选项表述一致。

　　text 4

　　from the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based
companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband
connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their
rivals. that’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would
prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving
the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.

　　yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of
pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.
a federal appeals court weighed in again tuesday, but instead of providing a
badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. at issue before the u.s.
court of appeals for the district of columbia circuit was the latest take of the
federal communications commission (fcc) on net neutrality, adopted on a
party-line vote in 2017. the republican-penned order not only eliminated the
strict net neutrality rules the fcc had adopted when it had a democratic
majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband
providers to do much of anything. the order also declared that state and local
governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.

　　the commission argued that other agencies would protect against
anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like
at&t favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of netflix and
apple tv. yet the fcc also ended the investigations of broadband providers that
imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.

　　on tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order
deregulating broadband providers, citing a supreme court ruling from 2005 that
upheld a similarly deregulatory move. but judge patricia millett rightly argued
in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of
modern broadband service,” and said congress or the supreme court could
intervene to “avoid trapping internet regulation in technological
anachronism.”

　　in the meantime, the court threw out the fcc’s attempt to block all state
rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt
individual state laws that undermine its order. that means more battles like the
one now going on between the justice department and california, which enacted a
tough net neutrality law in the wake of the fcc’s abdication.

　　the endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the fcc cry out for
congress to act. it needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for
all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and
to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.

　　36. there has long been concern that broadband provides would

　　a. bring web-based firms under control.

　　b. slow down the traffic on their network.

　　c. show partiality in treating clients.

　　d. intensify competition with their rivals.

　　【答案】c

　　【解析】本题为细节题，通过题干关键词concern定位到原文第一段第一句from the early days of broadband,
advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone
companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor
affiliated websites over their
rivals.concern对应原文worry，答案即在worry之后，意为“售卖宽带的有线电视和电话公司有能力和奖励措施去偏袒附属的一些网站”，与c选项“表明对待用户的偏袒”表述一致。a选项web-based
companies原文有原词，但是undercontrol原文未提及。b选项无中生有。d选项文中出现rivals，但intensifycompetition文中未提及。

　　37. faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the fcc

　　a. sticks to an out-of-date order.

　　b. takes an anti-regulatory stance.

　　c. has issued a special resolution.

　　d. has allowed the states to intervene.

　　【答案】b

　　【解析】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词net neutrality rules定位到原文第二段the republican-penned order
not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the fcc had adopted when it
had a democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’s authority to
require broadband providers to do much of anything. the order also declared that
state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers
either.第一句话重点在but转折之后，意为“这项规定拒绝fcc监管宽带提供商。”，另外下一句also并列也表达了同样的意思，意为“这项规定还声称，各州和当地政府也不能监管宽带提供商。”，这两句话与选项b“采取了反规定的立场”表述一致。a选项无中生有，c选项resolution文中提及，但是前面出现insteadof，否定了resolution，d选项与原文意思相反。

　　38. what can be learned about at&t from paragraph 3?

　　a. it protects against unfair competition.

　　b. it engages in anti-competitive practices.

　　c. it is under the fcc’s investigation.

　　d. it is in pursuit of quality service.

　　【答案】b

　　【解析】本题为细节题，根据题干关键词at&t定位文章第三段the commission argued that other agencies
would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing
conglomerate like at&t favoring its own video-streaming service at the
expense of netflix and apple tv.
意为“其他机构防范反竞争行为”，与b选项“它参与到了反竞争活动中”表述一致。a选项unfaircompetition无中生有。c选项investigation文中有提及，但at&t并不是受到fcc的调查。d选项qualityservice无中生有。

　　39. judge patricia millett argues that the appeals court’s decision

　　a. focuses on trivialities.

　　b. conveys an ambiguous message.

　　c. is at odds with its earlier rulings.

　　d. is out of touch with reality.

　　【答案】d

　　【解析】本题为细节题，通过题干关键词judge patricia millett定位原文第四段第二句but judge patricia
millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from
the realities of modern broadband service,”
意为“法官的意见是这个结果是脱离现代宽带服务现实的。”与d选项“与现实没有联系”意思表述一致。abc三个选项原文均未提及。

　　40. what does the author argue in the last paragraph?

　　a. congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.

　　b. the fcc should be put under strict supervision.

　　c. rules need to be set to diversify online services.

　　d. broadband providers’ rights should be protected.

　　【答案】a

　　【解析】本题为段落推断题，定位文章最后一段，可采用排除法。a选项关键词congress，定位原文第一句话the endless legal
battles and back-and-forth at the fcc cry out for congress to
act.意为“无止境的法律斗争和对fcc的反复要求国会采取行动”，与选项a“国会需要采取行动来确保网络中立”意思表述一致，netneutrality在本句虽未提及，但这是文章中心词。b选项通过fcc也定位第一句，但是put
under strict supervision文中未提及。c选项无中生有。d选项通过broadband providers定位第二句，但是rights
should be protected文中未提及。

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